Anatomia macroscópica interna e avaliação elétrica do coração de Bradypus variegatus / Internal macroscopic anatomy and electrical evaluation of the Bradypus variegatus heart

The Bradypus variegatus species presents peculiar anatomophysiological properties and many aspects of its organic systems still need to be clarified, especially regarding the cardiovascular system, given its participation in vital activities. Disorderly anthropic action has had drastic consequences in sloth populations and the need to treat sick and injured animals is increasingly common. To this end, the importance of knowing its characteristics is emphasized. Therefore, this study proposed to describe the internal macroscopic structures of the sloth's heart, as well as to measure the ventricular walls and indicate the electrical activity of the organ. For the dissections, 15 Bradypus variegatus cadavers were used (1 young female, 9 adults females and 5 adult males) belonging to the Área de Anatomia of the Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal (DMFA), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recide, PE, Brazil. After they were fixed and preserved, the specimens received a midsagittal incision in the chest, followed by soft tissue folding and removal of ribs to access the heart. The organ was derived from the cavity and sectioned sagittal medially to identify its internal anatomy. Ventricular walls and interventricular septum were measured with a steel caliper (150 mm / 0.02 mm). An electrocardiogram was performed to determine the electrical profile on 5 healthy B. variegatus sloths, living under semi-livestock conditions at the Recife Zoo, PE, Brazil. The electrodes were taken from the regions, scapular and glutes of the animals that were called hugging a keeper during the procedure, carried out in the Zoo itself, using a portable device. Based on the data obtained, sloths have cardiac chambers separated by septa, however between atria and ventricles, in both antimeres, there are atrioventricular ostia, where valves are found, consisting of 3 valves on the right and 2 on the left. The atria are practically smooth inside and have their cavity enlarged by the atria, the right being larger than the left, these having a greater amount of pectineal muscles in relation to the atria. The ventricles have trabeculae and papillary muscles, 3 on the right and 2 on the left. These muscles hold the tendinous chords that connect the valves. The existence of trabeculae marginal septum was not evidenced. The thickness of the wall of the left ventricle, as well as that of the interventricular septum, proved to be greater than the thickness of the wall of the right ventricle, regardless of the age or sex of the animals. Based on the electrocardiographic recordings, the sloths presented sinus rhythm, with a heart rate between 67 and 100 bpm. The electrical axis ranged from -60º to -90º. The P wave is smoother than the QRS complex. While the S-T segment was classified as isoelectric. The T wave was shown to be + and predominantly > or = at 25% of the S wave, which characterized an rS type QRS deflection in both females and males. The general characteristics of the cardiac chambers in sloths are similar to those observe in other domestic and wild mammals. However, the presence of pectineal muscles associated with the atria and auricles differs from that observed in mammals such as the paca and raccoon and in birds such as the ostrich, which have trabecular structures in these cavities. The number of valves in sloths is equal to the anteater. However, it has a marginal trabeculae septum, not seen in Bradypus variegatus. According to the electrocardiographic findings, the rhythm was sinus, but much lower than that observed in the capuchin monkey, which also maintains arboreal habits.(AU)

Extratemporal fascicular study of facial nerve in human

Peripheral nerves are structures exposed to physical, chemical and mechanical traumas. These lesions can cause a varying magnitude of damages, between which compression, distention and section, which culminate in motor, psychological and aesthetic alterations, mainly with facial expression nerves, like the facial nerve. The objective of this study was to verify the fascicular disposition of the facial nerve through its histology. Ten human cadaver heads, with ages between 53 and 66, were dissected. Extratemporal segments of the facial nerve were collected and routine techniques for histological microscopic evaluation were applied. Results showed that the extratemporal segments of the facial nerve analyzed are oligofascicular and polyfascicular, with a number of 3 to 8 fascicules. We conclude that knowledge on the fascicular organization of nerves, particularly the facial nerve, is paramount in surgical procedures using grafts, interfascicular sutures, among other microsurgeries which involve nerve restoration.

Anomalous Branch of Internal Pudendal Artery / Rama Anómala de la Arteria Pudenda Interna

The ischiatic artery classically described as a branch of the inferior gluteal artery, is a long and thin vessel that is related to the ischiatic nerve. In a dissection was observed that this artery emerges from the internal pudendal artery with a caliber larger than the ones described in the literature. The knowledge of anatomical variations is important to the surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

La arteria isquiática se describe clásicamente como una rama de la arteria glútea inferior, es un vaso largo y delgado que se relaciona con el nervio isquiático. En una disección se observó que esta arteria surge de la arteria pudenda interna con un calibre más grande que lo descrito en la literatura. El conocimiento de variaciones anatómicas es importante para los cirujanos, radiólogos y anatomistas.

Anatomical aspects of the placenta of the sloth, Bradypus variegatus, Schinz, 1825

Sloth plows euterians mammals, belonging to the order Edentata, sub-order Xenarthra, infra-order Tardigrada, family Bradipodidae, which comprehend three specimen, Bradypus tridadctylus, Bradypus variegates and Bradypus torquatus. They plows few work found in the literature related to the anatomy of the placenta of this specimen. The material used in this research was consisted of 3 placentas of Bradypus variegatus of adult females (Briton, 1941) original of the Forests of the City of Recife and Zone of the Forest of the State of Pernambuco with average weight 4,2 Kg. Placentas were fixed in buffered glutaraldehyed 4 per cent, pH 7,4, 0,1M and processed goes optical microscopy. Macroscopically was observed that the placenta of the sloth is composed of discoidal lobes and had the fundal position of the uterine cavity. The fetal membranes identified were chorium, applied on the uterine surface and, amnion adherent to inner face of chorium. In the specimen examined presented vestige of allantois sack and vitelline sack in these gestational phase. Anatomically, placenta of Bradypus variegatus could be classified like chorium-amniotic. Microscopic analysis of the placenta showed endothelial cells of maternal vessel hypertrophied and fetal components without cellular limits identified. The fetal tissue presented an epithelioid aspect with fetal vessel surrounded to connective tissue and epithelioid cells or next to maternal vessel. According our description, Placenta of Bradypus variegatus could be classified microscopically in syndesmochorial and endotheliochorial

Longitud total del intestino de conejos sin raza definida (oryctolagus cuniculus) / Full length of the underbred rabbit´s intestine (oryctolagus cuniculus)

Estudiamos la longitud total del intestino en conejos sin raza definida, con el objetivo de contribuir con el manejo nutricional de esta especie. El estudio fue realizado en 34 conejos adultos de 94 días de edad (17 machos y 17 hembras), sometidos al mismo régimen alimenticio y ambiental. Fueron sacrificados y eviscerados y a seguir, medimos el tubo digestivo desde el píloro al ano. El material, fue preparado y colocado sobre un plano horizontal, siempre dentro de un período no superior a 5 horas después del sacrificio del animal. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores promedio: Intestino delgado: 23,11±1,66 cm; Ciego: 27,69 ±2,46 cm; Colon-recto: 103,40 ± 9,19 cm; Longitud total: 154,21 ± 7,17 cm; el análisis estadístico no demostró diferencias significativas relativas al sexo (p<0.05).

Sistematizaçäo da veia cava caudal em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945) / Systematization of the caudal vena cava in buffalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945)

Para o presente trabalho utilizou-se 25 animais, fetos de búfalos da Raça Murrah, com idades variando entre 5 e 9 meses, sendo 15 fêmeas e 10 machos, com vistas à dissecaçäo e sistematizaçäo dos vasos em estudo. Os animais foram coletados em abatedouro e fixados em soluçäo aquosa de formol 10 por cento. Obtiveramse para a Veia Cava Caudal os seguintes afluentes de origem: as veias ilíacas comuns direita e esquerda, e seus afluentes colaterais; veia sacral mediana; veias frênicas; veias lombares (1-5); veias circunflexas profunda do ílio direita e esquerda; 3-4 veias hepáticas; veia genital direita (testicular ou ovárica); veias adrenais e veias renais direita e esquerda

Sistematizaçäo da veia cava cranial em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945) / Systematization of the cranial vena cava in buffalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945)

Para o presente trabalho utilizou-se 25 animais, fetos de búfalos, com idades variando entre 5 e 9 meses, sendo 15 fêmeas e 10 machos, com vistas à dissecaçäo e sistematizaçäo dos vasos em estudo. Os animais foram coletados em abatedouro e fixados em soluçäo aquosa de formol 10 por cento. Obtiveram-se para a Veia Cava Cranial os seguintes afluentes de origem: veias jugulares externas direita e esquerda, e os afluentes colaterais: as veias jugulares internas direita e esquerda, veias mediastínicas e pericárdicas, veias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, veias tímicas, veias subclávias direita e esquerda, o tronco costocervicovertebral direita esquerda, e ocasionalmente o ducto torácico

Capacidad del estómago de conejos sin raza definida, SRD, oryctolagus cuniculus / The stomach capacity of underbred rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus

Se estudió la capacidad del estómago de conejos sin raza definida (SRD), con el objetivo de contribuir con el manejo nutricional de la especie estudiada. 30 conejos adultos (15 machos y 15 hembras) de 94 días de edad fueron sometidos a un mismo régimen alimentario y ambiental, posteriormente sacrificados y viscerados. Una vez retirados los estómagos, se procedió a preservar 3 cm de los extremos esofágicos y duodenal. Los órganos fueron vaciados, lavados e inmersos en un recipiente con agua a 38,5 §C, hasta que las presiones internas y externas se igualaron. Mediante pinzas Clamp fueron cerrados el cardias y el píloro, para determinar su capacidad volumétrica. Las medidas máxima y mínima fueron de 125,30 y 72,50 ml para los machos, y de 139.50 y 72.50 ml para las hembras, teniendo como media global 97,74 ml. No se observaron diferencias significativas relativas al sexo (5 por ciento)